Organ transplant essay

Organ transplant essay

Organ Transplants Essay,Table of contents

WebMay 23,  · An organ transplant “is a surgical operation where a failing or damaged organ in the human body is removed and replaced with a new one” (Center for WebMay 21,  · The process of transplant occurs after the donor has agreed to donate the organ. This is usually followed by carrying out of tests like matching of tissue type and WebEver since the first ever organ transplant in , people have been able to give and receive the gift of life, an organ, prolonging and saving the lives of thousands of people; WebApr 4,  · The idea of organ transplants has suffered several criticisms over the years from the civil society, to the various religious groups and even philosophers. It is WebOct 10,  · Organ donation is a surgical procedure that consists of removing an organ or tissue from one person and placing it into another. No matter the age or the ... read more

Giving someone a second chance at life, what could be better than knowing you saved someone's life. That's what organ donation can give a person. The need for organs is constantly. have to be put on a donor list to get a replacement of a diagnosed organ that must be replaced to live. It is no secret that the organ transplantation list has a significant amount of people and every day a handful of them die. A average of twenty one people die everyday, according to the American Transplant Foundation. Many scientist and medically certified personals have been trying to come up with alternative genetic modified organs to give to needed patients, instead of waiting for a donor to come.

States, Not Just Legal Citizens, Should Automatically Be Considered Organ Donors Unless Otherwise Specified Rough Draft UFID: June 6, I. Background According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, organ transplantation is the process of surgically transferring a donated organ into a patient with end-stage organ failure U. S Dept of health and human services website. End-stage organ failure can be attributed to a number of diseases. Diseases such. Nearly eight thousand people are dying each year waiting, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing, which means that an average of twenty two people are dying each day in the United States alone because of the lack of donor organs UNOS, Transplantation might be one of the greatest successes in the matter of therapy for those suffering from organ failure or disease.

Organ transplants have made the health field able to treat diseases that once were fatal. Nowadays, there have been. Now that transplant surgery has become easier and more dependable in the past couple decades, rates of patients awaiting organs have been steadily increasing. Without enough supply, thousands of patients a year on the official transplant registry will die waiting for their new organ s. To economists Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Introduction Organ transplantation is a medical act which involves the surgical operating by transferring or removing of an organ from one person to the other, or placing the organ of a donor into the body of a recipient for the replacement of the recipients damaged or failed organ which resulted from impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism or an act that causes someone to receive physical damage.

Lately, there is an emerging innovation whereby organs are created. In the case of the commercialization of organ transplantation, would the ramifications laid by Einstein change if a doctor had only one hour to save the life of a patient in dire need of an organ transplant? An individual that had spent the last three years on a waiting-list? Waiting, years, months, and days without end for a second chance at life. Similar to Einstein. Organ and tissue donation is life-saving and life transforming medical process wherein organs and tissues were removed from a donor and transplant them to a recipient who is very ill from organ failure. It is said that one organ can save up to 10 people and may improve the lives of thousands more Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Most of the donated organs and tissues came from people who already died but in some cases, a living person can donate organs such as kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas.

Human Organ for Transplant: An Evaluation of US Organ Procurement Legislation and Ethical Concerns Introduction On December 23, Dr. Joseph Murray made history at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital; he and his team performed the first successful living donor renal transplant surgery between two twin brothers Robert and Richard Herrick. Since that day, doctors around the world collaborate and innovate new methods for the betterment of organ transplantation. At the same time, legislators work to set. Scientists and historians estimate that in the early 80 BC, Indian doctors began grafting skin to treat burns and other wounds.

In Early s, Modern organs transplants began by European doctors that attempted. Essay Topics Writing. Home Page Research Essay about Organ Transplantation. Essay about Organ Transplantation Decent Essays. Open Document. Organ transplantation is, without a hesitation, one of the most major achievements in modern medicine. In many cases, it is the only effective therapy for end-stage organ failure and is broadly practiced around the world. According to the World Health Organization WHO , around 21, liver transplants, 66, kidney transplants, and heart transplantation were performed globally in According to the WHO; an estimated 46, people in Egypt are in need of transplants, most of them liver and kidney transplants.

They even cite as their evidence the fact that other Islamic countries have passed a law allowing national organ transplantation from brain-dead and living donors. However, the resistance in Egypt must then be due to reasons other than Islam, namely the uncontrolled black market in body parts and reports of organ theft that has tainted the public perception of organ transplantation. In addition, the reliance on living donors has created shortage of organs due to small number of donors. Donors are often tackled with a major operation, and they pose a substantial health risk without any potential benefit.

A wide range of complications in donors after living-donor transplant has been reported in the medical literature. On the other hand, a large proportion of those who. Get Access. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. Salt Lake City Utah, Dr. William DeVries operated on arney Clark, a dentist from Seattle, to replace his failing heart with a mechanical one. Clark suffered multiple complications, both involving his own body and the functionality of the Jarvik-7 mechanical heart, and after days of extraordinary efforts to keep Clark alive, his heart was turned off on March 23, , and he died. When he died, the Jarvik-7 heart had beaten 12,, times Pence, DATE. This medical event raised a number of medical, legal and ethical issues involving The ability of Clark to continue to make his own medical decisions, the NIH decision to allow DeVries to use the heart on a human, whether the state of Clark's health following his surgeries justified the extreme measures taken to try to extend his life, and possible conflicts of interest regarding Dr.

Shortly after World War II, two members of…. Ehrenman, Gayle. Pence, Gregory E. Simmons, Paul D. elling Human Organs: The Ethical Issue elling body transplants is one of the latest ventures that entrepreneurs have devised. ome see it as servicing a public good, whilst others perceive it as one more example of capitalism at its worst. Barry Jacobs is an example of an international broker for bodily parts whose business involves matching up kidney "donors" with patients needing kidney transplants. The donor receives a magnanimous paycheck; the recipient receives a healthy kidney, and Jacobs, himself, profits by business in worse ways Chapman, Jacobs and other advocates of organ-selling see this business as filling a necessary void.

Approximately, , organ transplants are needed per annum, and only an annual 10, are performed due to the deficiency of matching organs. Biomedical breakthroughs have increased the success of these operations, but the procedures cannot always be accomplished due to depletion of stocks. People are simply not willing to…. Annas, GJ Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Organ Sales, Hastings Center Report, 14, Chapman, FS The Life and Death Questions of an Organ Market, Fortune Borna, S Morality and Marketing Human Organs, Journal of Business Ethics, 6, Health Assessment Perform a health history on an older adult. John is 74 years old. He runs his own business with his wife Pam. They have three children i. Susan, Debbie and Henry. In the last thirty years, John has been dealing with major health issues to include: colitis, having his gallbladder removed and two separate liver transplants.

When John was in his 40s, he was sent to the hospital with an infection related to colitis. Two years after he was released, John's skinned turned yellow and he experienced jaundice. The doctors determined that his bile was backing up into his gallbladder. They removed it and created ducts which go directly to the liver. Ten years later, John began to experience jaundice again and was informed that he had sclerosis of the liver. He was placed on the organ transplant list and received a new liver two years later. Nutrition and Healthy Eating.

Mayo Clinic. Juall, L. Handbook of Nursing Diagnosis. Philadelphia, PA: Lippencott. Buy and Sell Organs for Transplants: The consideration of the possible negative socio-ethical repercussions of allowing people to buy and sell their non-vital body organs for transplant fortifies the argument of all opponents to the proposition. As stated in the U. Constitution, human beings are created equal and given the un-separable rights to life, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness. While in the pursuit of these rights, the American society has learnt that the end does not always justify the means and as such, necessary legislation has been instituted to help protect minorities from majorities, the poor from the wealthy, and the weak from the strong.

A society in which people could buy and sell organs for transplant would further ruin the pursuit for equality and frustrate the liberty of generosity needed for living a happy life. Opposing the proposition does not mean that one believes society bears no duty…. Andre, C. Kidneys for Sale. Mayes, G. Buying and Selling Organs for Transplantation in the U. Medscape Education, 4 2. Donate Life America. Kidney Transplantation ProcedureKidney disease is one of the major public health issues in the United States as the number of people suffering from this condition has tripled in the last two decades.

Given the increase in the number of people suffering from kidney disease, the treatment of this condition has become critical in improving the quality of life for end-stage patients. According to Barry , kidney transplantation is the most suitable treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease ESD. It is the most commonly performed solid organ transplant process and has developed to include the process of continued quality improvement. Over the past few years, kidney transplantation has evolved to include a systematic team approach with a focus on improving patients quality of life.

This paper examines the preoperative and postoperative procedures in kidney transplantation based on anatomy and physiology. Preoperative ProceduresKidney transplantation procedure begins by selecting a donor from two…. ReferencesAscher, N. Kidney transplant. aspx Barry, J. Renal transplantation. Indian Journal of Urology, 32 3 , Hameed, A. The evolution of kidney transplantation surgery into the robotic era and its prospects for obese recipients. Transplantation, 10 , — Luo, E. Quality of Life Measures Quality of life is measured using a variety of surveys. The most common of these surveys is the Short-Form Health Survey SF , which measures several categories of physical functioning, as well as containing a Mental Health Component MCS. Another commonly used quality of life measure is the Dutch AND Masala, etl al used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire IPAQ and the item Medical Outcomes Study as well as the SF The van Ginneken et al.

Physical Activities Measures Physical activity is measured with a number of self-assessment and objective tools including peak oxygen uptake during cycle ergometry, walking distance in a timed exercise, "isokinetic muscle strength of knee extensors, body mass index, waist circumference, skinfold thickness," and…. Krasnoff, J. A randomized trial of exercise and dietary counseling after liver transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation 6 : Masala, D. et al. Quality of life and physical activity in liver transplantation patients. Transplant Proceedings 44 : Roi, G. Physical activity in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplantation Proceedings 46, Rongies, W. Physical activity long-term after liver transplantation yields better quality of life.

Ann Transplant 16 3 : Organ transplant recipients are more susceptible to cancer due to oncogenic viral infections and immunosuppression. What is the overall pattern of cancer following an organ transplantation? Cancer is a major adverse outcome of solid organ transplantation. Certain other malignancies such as cancers of the lung, kidney, skin, and thyroid also are increased in transplant recipients. Linkage of population-based transplant and cancer registries from the same geographic region can allow for systematic ascertainment of…. Engels, E. Spectrum of Cancer Risk among U. Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. JAMA, 17 , Saaristo, T. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S.

Lifestyle intervention for prevention of type 2 diabetes in primary health care: one-year follow-up of the Finnish national diabetes prevention program FIND2D. Diabetes Care, 33 10 , Sperling, R. Phelps, C. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Legal Transplants The objective of this study is to discuss and compare two legal transplants with reference to at least one African or Asian legal system. For the purpose of this work, Turkey and legal transplants will be examined. The work of Orucu states that Chiba relates the "concept of legal pluralism…as an effective attack on the common sense of orthodox jurisprudence by rejecting the 'oneness of state law as law or university of western law.

Dai, J. Journal of Politics and Law, Sept. Gunderson, JL and Waelde, TW Legislative Reform In Transition Economies: Western Transplants -- a Short-Cut to Social Market Economy Status? ICQL , 43 2 , Oguz, A. Pace International Law Review. Article 9. Fall Orucu, E. Int J. Organ Sales When it comes to the sale of organs from one party to another, there are usually two "camps" that people fall within. Those camps are inclusive of people that rae entirely against the practice in any form and then there are those that feel that some level of person-to-person sales should be allowed for so long as the parties involved face certain rules.

Even with the concerns about organs going to the highest bidder, there are diametrically opposed concerns and assertions including the right of an owner of a kidney being able to sell to who he or she wants and the fact that the proceeds from such a transaction can be life-changing in nature. While it may be controversial and problematic to some, there is a middle ground to be had between allowing organ sales between people with no limitation and never doing so under any circumstances. Its use on those with acute PAH should be performed with caution. The use of the procedure was deemed relatively safe for chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Severely ill patients should be subjected to non-invasive imaging method exhaustively before resorting to pulmonary angiography Hofman et al.

Caring for Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension. Nursing: Springhouse Corporation, May Medical Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Chest: American College of Chest Physicians, July 20, And Kathy M. Evidence for Racial Disparity in Cardiac Transplantation Survival Rates. Journal of Cultural Diversity: Tucker Publications, March 22, Safety and Hemodynamic Effects of Pulmonary…. Albert, Nancy M. Springhouse Corporation, May Badesch, David, et al. Introduction Women without functioning uteruses now have a real chance of making their motherhood dreams come true with a radical new surgical procedure that involves a uterus transplant. In the United States, the first baby was born from a transplanted uterus in December of , in Dallas.

As promising as it is, a uterus transplant birth is a relatively risky medical procedure, though, and one that has raised some questions about the efficacy and ethics of this remarkable intervention. However, as long as full disclosure is made to patients, who make their decisions autonomously and with informed consent, transplanted uterine deliveries should certainly be an option…. The clinical trial team includes doctors, nurses, social workers, data entry technicians and other health care professionals NWHRC They review a participant's health history and current medical intakes before the trial begins. They impart adequate information and instructions about the clinical trial, monitor each participant in the conduct of the trial and may contact the participant after the conduct of the trial.

Clinical trials or researches may also be open-label, placebo-controlled, double-blinded or randomized. They consist of four phases. Phase I establishes the maximum safe dosage; Phase II, its effectiveness; Phase III, its use on a broad population; and Phase IV, post-FDA insights on the effects of its long-term use NWHRC. From to alone, the Food and Drug Administration approved 73 new medications NWHRC These included drugs for HIV, cancer, heart attack and Alzheimer's disease. As of , Medicare covers many of the costs involved in….

Billings, P. Should reproductive cloning be made available to people who want their own biologic chidren - pro and con. International Medical News Group: Gale Group. Deneen, S. Designer people. E: the Environmental Magazine: Earth Action Network, Inc. Frankel, S. The limits to demand for health care. British Medical Journal: British Medical Association. Hollander, D. Abortion support slipping. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health: the Allen Guttmacher Institute. ethics regarding organ donation by brain-damaged people.

The writer explores how a brain-damaged person is defined, and whether or not the donation of organs from that person is ethical. There were 15 sources used to complete this paper. The field of medicine has advanced mankind to arenas never before thought possible. Today doctors can take entire organ systems out of one person and place them in another and the recipient can live for many years with transplanted organs. Hearts, lungs, kidneys, livers, eyes and many combinations of them are just a few of the organs that are transplanted worldwide today.

As the medical community continues to advance age and quality of life the need for more organs has reached the critical stage. One of the most argued and passionate debates in the medical community today is whether or not it is ethical to remove organs in the case of a…. BROOKER Michelle, The gift of life after death. CAROL ANN CAMPBELL, Staff Writer, TV SHOW ANGERS ORGAN DONOR GROUPS. Author not available, [Thoughts of The Times] An Explanation of Brain Death. Korea , Author not available, Pre-transplant brain-death test done on man in his 20s. Consider situation: You ill life support. You a transplant organs continue living. More precisely, the first step in determining whether the course of action one is about to take is morally correct or not is to actually formulate that action and provide a reasoning for it.

Secondly, it is important to consider that action and that reasoning multiplied at a universal level, thought of this action as being a universal law…. Kerstein, S. New York University. d Means and ends. Stanford Enciclopedia of Phylosophy. Available at. innings" account and the "prudential lifespan" account support the age-based prioritization in organ allocation by suggesting that there is a certain amount of time that people should live: for example, if a young man of 25 dies, it is viewed as a tragedy because he was so young -- he died before his time.

But if an old man of 85 dies, it is viewed differently -- then it is his time. Williams says this is a biased kind of thinking that does not consider quality of life but rather quantity of years. The man of 25 could have a far worse quality of life than the man of 85 -- but that is not taken into consideration by many people. Thus, if a person was asked who should receive an organ for an organ transplant, most would answer that the young man of 25 should receive it because he…. Veatch, Robert M. Definition and Criteria of Death.

Philosophical Debates About the Defnition of Death: Who Cares? Hospital Case Study If the first requirement of any successful case study is a detailed and analytical examination of the situation, the emotional component of so called "high stakes" issues can make this requirement difficult, indeed. In this case, a young girl died as a result of receiving miss-matched organs. Unfortunately, in this case, all of the supposed safeguards of the system, imposed to assure that proper blood typing of both…. Chibbaro, Lou. Washington Blade. Web site. Colorado State University Writing Center. California Donors Network. Duke University. UNOS and DUH Safeguards for Organ Transplant Safety.

Duke Medical News. Transforming Scheduled Death Into Renewed Life One of the harsh realities of living in an otherwise-free society is the fact that the United States incarcerates far more of its citizens than other leading industrialized nations, and it one of the few countries in the world that retains the death penalty on its books. hen capital offenders are executed, there exists the opportunity to turn this scheduled death into renewed through organ donations. At present, while an individual has the right to say whether their organs should be donated, death-row inmates are considered wards of the state and it is the position of this study that the state should have the corresponding right to harvest their organs as a means of execution in order to save and improve the quality of the lives of others.

To determine whether the potential exists for such an approach, this study examines the relevant peer-reviewed…. Amnesty International. Beard, T. Randolph, David L. Kaserman and Richard P. Ben-David, Orit F. Organ Donation and Transplantation: Body Organs as an Exchangeable. However, Harvard Medical School HMS reports that in that study of 1, patients, "composite events occurred. Singh - concluded that while improving the lives of patients with CKD is "of paramount importance," this particular study reveals, " Aiming for a complete correction of anemia is associated with increased risk, increased cost and no quality of life benefits.

gov explains that epoetin alfa is also used with people who have HIV, it is used prior to surgery and after surgery "to decrease the number of blood transfusions needed" in the predicable loss of blood during surgery. It is…. Harvard Medical School. Blood test can accurately diagnose heart failure in patients. With kidney dysfunction. Higher Doses of Anemia Drug for Chronic Kidney Disease. Does Not Improve Quality of Life and Increases Risk for Cardiovascular Events. Retrieved February 9, , at. The study measures public opinion concerning two scenarios: one in which the kidney donor is given a fixed financial compensation; and one in which the donor is provided with health insurance coverage for life.

Subjects and Sampling Technique: The subjects will be drawn from amongst nursing professionals working in randomly selected renal specialty facilities and wards. Initial contact will be made by phone with a Director of Nursing at selected facilities requesting participation. Those that agree will receive…. Conesa, C. Attitude of Primary Care Nurses Toward Living Kidney Donation. Transplantation Proceedings, 37 9 , Kranenburg, L. Public Survey of Financial Incentives for Kidney Donation. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23 3 , Neyhart, C. Living Anonymous kidney donation: A solution to the organ donor shortage?

Nephrology Nursing Journal. Online at. This study underscores the presumption that where public health information campaigns are concerned, information is often accessed but forgotten or ignored. By connecting this information to certain compensatory incentives, those who make up a likely donor population may be more likely to retain and return to the information provided. Though controversial, this does present a realistic view on the motives that might incline one toward an act with significant personal and health-related implications. It is important for public health facilities to consider the courtship of donations in this way, primarily because a failure to do so is increasingly stimulating an extra-curricular market for the sale of kidneys.

In other words, by neglecting to consider the option of connecting kidney donation courtship to such compensatory incentives, the medical community is not protecting against the ethical concerns correlated thereto. They are simply forcing would-be recipients to look outside of the field for…. Aghanwa, H. Attitudes Toward Kidney Donation. J Natl Med Assoc. Medical News Today MNT. Kidney Donation Websites Raise Ethical Concerns - Public Solicitation For Organs May Favor White, Educated And Wealthy Recipients. Wiley Blackwell Publishing. As many forms of live donation do not cause harm to others, and as we allow the donation of blood for payment, we violate the categorical imperative by banning the sale of human organs. It has been argued by some that banning organ donation is within the bounds of Kantian ethics because we have collectively agreed to the conviction that "such a practice would diminish human dignity and our sense of solidarity" Cohen, Yet, we do not prohibit the donation of blood or of bone marrow.

Indeed, most among us would agree that such donations are necessary and beneficial. Lives are saved. There is nothing morally wrong about saving lives -- indeed live donations today are conducted voluntarily and without any moral consequence. Allowing live organ donations is ethically consistent with our established principles regarding blood donation and voluntary, unpaid live organ donation. It will increase the supply of…. Holcberg, David. Allow the Sale of Human Organs. Chicago Sun-Times. April 18, Cohen, Cynthia B.

Public Policy and the Sale of Human Organs. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. Mullen, Shannon. Sale of Human Organs in New Jersey a Worldwide Scandal. Asbury Park Press. MacDonald, Nikki. Live Donors the Key to Organ Shortage. Give Life NZ. Management of Immunocompromised Patients In beginning I writer specific nursing assignment. The Question: Words While clinical placement asked prepare a single room an admission. The patient requiring admission isolation room immunocompromised. Immunocompromised patients usually require isolation in order to prevent them from becoming infected with infections from other patients which is known as protective isolation.

For the immunocompromised patients, their immune system is unable to fight the infectious diseases. There are many diseases or conditions that lead to immunodeficiency in patients. One is AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The virus then mutates extremely rapidly thus making it more and…. Agusti, C. Pulmonary Infection in the Immunocompromised Patient: Strategies for Management. Bodey, G. Managing Infections in the Immunocompromised Patient. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 40 Supplement 4 , S doi: Glauser, M.

Management of Infections in Immunocompromised Patients New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. Hayden, R. Diagnostic Microbiology of the Immunocompromised Host. Washington, DC: ASM Press. Discussion about Brain Death and Cerebral Definitions It has been researched that the human brain collapses at prior to the cessation of the human organs; the collapse of the human brain is attributed to the elimination of the large numbers of redundant neurons, and the aging process i. The gradual loss of sensory capacities. It has been reported that the visual acuity decline on linear basis between the age limit of , and soon after sixty the declination of the visual acuity is exponential.

By the age of 45, the depth perception is reported declination in accelerated manner, and the speech comprehension is expected to get affect after the age of 80 due to the quarter loss of the extensive neurons in the superior temporal gyrus of the auditory cortex. The research has observed that significant decrease in the neuron density is expected, as a result of the aging process. Robert H. Technology and Death Policy: Redefining Death. Department of Government, Brunel University. Peter Monaghan. The Unsettled Question of Brain Death. The Chronicle of Higher Education Vol. Harvest Exploitation and Hardship in Harvest The gap in living standards between those in the developed and developing spheres is substantial.

And in the context of a global recession, this gap has only grown wider. Globalization has given us over to a concentrated form of socioeconomic exploitation within which wealthy estern nations strip poor Third orld nations of their most precious resources. In this way, the global economy has come to be driven by the systematic deprivation of the Third orld's critical commodities. This arrangement doesn't simply lower living standards and opportunities for those in the poorest parts of the world but also reinforces the notion that the wealthy are simply more entitled to these commodities and resources than are the poor. This arrangement is taken to its most absurd and disturbing ends in the play Harvest by Manjula Padmanabhan. Centering on the experience of Om, his wife Jaya,….

Health Care Market In discussing the market for a health care good or service, one must first understand that in speaking of "health care," one is actually speaking of the entire health care industry, along with each of the goods and services that are produced and exchanged within this market. From organ transplant operations and blood donation to therapeutic massages and nursing home activity programs, the span of health care goods and services is both vast and varied. Further, in viewing today's uncertain economy, the market for health care goods and services is one that brings with it many different questions that must be addressed in order for a stakeholder to fully comprehend what decisions need to made in order to turn a profit.

Scarcity of esources Scarcity of resources within this market significantly influences the decisions that stakeholders are forced to make. With scarcity of resources comes limited action…. Case, K. And Fair, R. Principles of economics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Fullerton, D. How economists see the environment. Nature, , p. Few hospitals offered both the expertise and the necessary facilities. Location of the donor and the recipient also impacted availability. Human organs cool and degenerate quickly when removed from the donor. Transportation in the 50s, 60s, and 70s was in the early stages of rapid jet aircraft travel and was too slow for the transportation of organs. The donor needed to be in close proximity to the recipient which was possible with living family members and donors.

Research during this time focused on immunosuppressant drugs and on methods to maintain a viable organ outside the host. In his discussion of justice in respect to the allocation of scarce goods, Jon Elster identified three levels of scarcity: natural, quasi-natural and artificial. The availability of twins with one needing a kidney transplant and one willing to donate a kidney generates a natural scarcity similar to the availability of natural black pearls. Above all it has followed the delibeate maketing of health cae in association with touism as medical cae has gadually moved away fom the public secto to the pivate secto, ensuing that a gowing majoity of people, especially in the ichest counties, and paticulaly in the United States, must pay -- often consideably -- fo health cae.

Finally, gowing inteest in cosmetic sugey, involving such elective pocedues as hinoplasty, liposuction, beast enhancement o eduction, LASIK eye sugey and so on, o moe simply the emoval of tattoos, have ceated new demands. Vaious foms of dental sugey, especially cosmetic dental sugey, ae not coveed by insuance in counties like the UK and Austalia; hence dental touism has become paticulaly common. In Asia these tends ae 'the unlikely child of new global ealities: the fallout of teoism, the Asian economic downtun, intenet access to pice infomation, and the globalisation of health sevices'…. references because the family vetoes it, in part because they were never made known. For a grieving and bereft family, a request for organ donation is difficult to agree to because they can only guess at the wishes of the deceased and if there were any doubt at all, would not the natural answer be a rejection?

If relatives had severe objections, they should be taken into account for to do otherwise raises the spectre of the swastika, but the point remains that by changing the default position of organ donation it is a veto clearly against the deceased's wishes, which would be rather more unlikely to take place than the current veto due to a simple lack of information. It is not that the PC system is ethically unsound Hatfield and Walker It can be argued that presumed consent is superior to the opt-in system because it truly ensures autonomy by giving effect to choices each person makes. It gives legal effect to individual autonomy and it ensures truly informed consent when accompanied by public education and information, instead of intuitive responses to organ donation.

But one has to question how comfortable the deceased family will be when they come to realise that their relatives' kidney is being placed into someone who is HIV positive. This is likely to be an ethical and morale matter rather than a discriminatory one Williams, Nonetheless, some problems with presumed consent have been pointed out. Patient autonomy lies at the very heart of modern medicine and medical research. This is partly a reaction against medical paternalism and an increasing awareness of the integrity of the individual. It may be argued that a presumed consent PC system is paternalistic - but it concomitantly reinforces individual autonomy and preserves the dignity and integrity of the individual especially in comparison to, for example, an organs market.

McLean points out that underpinning the system of organ donation is the fundamental view that organ transplantation should be a gift relationship and should not be based on the type of disease a person has. This underlines that HIV sufferers are just as entitled to a kidney transplant as those who are looking for a heart transplant. John Morris doubts that proposals to change legislation to allow presumed consent to be introduced are likely to be publicly accepted. However, why is presumed consent any less a gift? It does not mean widespread harvesting of major organs. It means greater public awareness and individual choice that is made concrete. There is a huge issue with regards to donor transplantation and especially kidney transplantation.

Unfortunately, some patients with Human Immunodeficiency Disease are denied equal access to kidney transplantation and the same priorities of other people who are suffering from other serious diseases. Therefore, in this research, evidence will be provided to proof HIV patients have the same rights as others to get a kidney transplant regardless if they appear completely diseased. Such experiments demonstrated that only seven of the thirty five within the test actually experienced vascular rejection, whereas all of the sheep receiving hearts from unmodified pigs exhibited vascular rejection. The near-term implications of Berchorner's work could have a profound influence on organ transplants and the future of patient treatments. Researchers will inject human liver cells into fetal pigs; these pigs will be bred with a "suicide gene" that will be triggered to destroy their own livers.

His hope is that human cells will then take the initiative to repopulate the pig liver, thus creating a synthesis of the two within the liver. This current study could lead to breeding pigs specifically for the purpose of human liver transplants. Even now, the use of pig livers are being used as a mechanism to help patients survive a few hours longer while waiting for human liver transplants. Berchorner's research may eventually…. Jonietz, Erika. A donor Named Wilbur. Beschorner, William E. Heart Xenograft Survival With Chimeric Pig Donors and Modest Immune Suppression. Corneal Donation within Hospitals and Medical Communities: Issues Surrounding Post Mortem Donations of Tissue Qualitative Study The purpose of this study is to identify barriers to corneal donation within hospitals and medical communities.

A large body of research has focused on issues surrounding the post mortem donations of tissue. This research will take a different approach, examining what barriers exist within hospital and medical communities in an attempt to determine how these barriers may be overcome. The number of potential corneal donors far surpasses the number of people available for traditional organ donations and in some states consent of the medical examiner alone is enough to allow use of corneal donations family consent not required Lewin, Traditionally the most significant barrier to organ donation and transplantation has been acquisition of organs and tissues Murray et.

al, The need for cornea tissue is rising. The average wait time for…. Gortmaker SL, Beasley CL, Brigham LE, Franz HG, Garrison RN, Lucas BA, Patterson RH, Sobol AM, Grenvik NA, Evanisko MJ. Organ donor potential and performance: size and nature of the organ donor shortfall. Crit Care Med ; 24 3 Halloran, P. Hawkins, B. Jensen, T. Unfortunately, a tremendous amount of valuable research has been put on hold ever since the ban of federal funding for stem cell research. In the United States, the vast majority of medical research of all types that eventually lead to cures for disease are funded by the federal government. The federal ban on stem cell research does not completely prohibit it, but the effect is nearly the same, just as it would be if the federal government withdrew funding for cancer or diabetes research.

The main opposition to stem cell research comes from the Religious Right who believe that any form of research using fetal stem cells is wrong, because according to their religious views, every fertilized human egg should be considered as much a human being as any living person, even a microscopic zygote consisting of nothing more than four cells of human tissue. Certainly, the concept of religious…. Music and Pain The use of music in relation to relaxation and pain control is universal in application. Many cultures use music, tones, chanting, drums, or other forms of biofeedback to treat patients in acute pain, women in labor, recovery, and now, most recently, in pre- and post-operative care.

In fact, the therapeutic value of music has been recognized as vital and powerful since Ancient Times; archaeological evidence shows flutes carved from bone in pictures of physicians healing patients, Greek physicians used music and vibration to heal, aid in digestion and induce sleep; the Early Egyptians used musical incantations to help with the healing process; and certainly, numerous native tribes use singing and chanting as part of their healing rituals Nilsson, Further, most postoperative patients have pain, despite the use of analgesia. Nurses are constantly trying to be more effective in delivering pain medication. One study showed that patients…. Ghetti, C. Active music engagement with emotional-approach coping to improve well being in liver and kidney translplant recipients.

Journal of Music Therapy. Good, M. Supplementing Relaxation and Music for Pain After Surgery. Nursing Research. Goodwin C. Research in Psychology: Methods and Design. New York: John. omen's Health -- Focused on prevention and care for breast health, mammography, etc. Transplant Programs - Swedish is one of seven kidney transplant centers and one of just four liver transplant centers serving the entire Pacific Northwest. The Organ Transplant Program at Swedish is at the forefront of new advances in transplantation surgery, including pancreas transplants and transplants between unrelated living organ donors and recipients Swedish Medical Center, Service design, operational activities, strategic decisions- Swedish is nothing but on the move -- strategically and tactically.

In October, , Swedish opened a new full-care facility with a , square foot campus in the city of Issaquah, southeast of Seattle city proper. This new facility was designed to be an entirely new hospital experience. Arnold, E. Service-Dominant Logic and Resource Theory. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, 36 1 , Institute of Medicine. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. King, D. Designing the Digital Experience: How to Use Experience Design. Medford, NJ: Information Today Press. Going back further, the same religious principals also inspired opposition to organ transplants and blood transfusions; before that, the Catholic Church strictly forbade any forensic scientific research, necessitating the need to dissect cadavers for medical education entirely in secret Levine, Just as the news media are partially at fault today for their failure to distinguish legitimate concerns from ludicrous fears in connection with the ongoing political debate over American healthcare, they are equally responsible for allowing unfounded fears of "human cloning" in connection with the beneficial uses of stem cell science.

Specifically, the main source of secular opposition to stem cell research is attributable to unnecessary fears of rampant misuse of human cloning technology to clone human beings. While human cloning is hypothetically possible, no responsible scientific researcher would ever misuse current biomedical technology in that fashion. The complexities of cloning entire organisms have been well documented in animal…. Dershowitz, a. Shouting Fire: Civil Liberties in a Turbulent Age. Boston: Little. Friedrich, M. The Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. reputed "health crisis" currently facing Americans. The author explores several aspects of the health care crisis and analyzes the validity of those claims.

The author presents an argument that there really is not a health care crisis and it is a fallacy. There were six sources used to complete this paper. Why do People Believe the Crisis is eal? What Evidence is There That it is Not eal? What are some of the things giving the appearance it is shortage of students etc. What are some of the ideas that can help the problem? For several years now Americans have been inundated with information about the health care crisis. News channels cover the crisis and pipe it into living rooms. Magazines publish articles about the causes and history of the health care crisis and politicians use the health care crisis to sell their platform and garner votes.

It seems that everywhere…. Scientists have been aware of the existence of these stem cells for many years but have only recently realized the potential medical applications of the cells. More than a decade ago, scientists discovered that if the normal connections between the early cellular progeny of the fertilized egg were disrupted, the cells would fall apart into a single cell progeny that could be maintained in a culture. These dissociated cells, otherwise known as embryonic stem cell lines, continue to divide in culture, producing large numbers of cells at a fast pace. However, these early embryonic cells would lose the coordinated activity. Scientists quickly discovered that these cells retain the ability to generate a great number of mature cell types in culture if they are provided with appropriate molecular signals Reaves, Scientists have made significant progress in discovering these signals and are still working on it.

hile it is a difficult…. Prescott, Bonnie. Animal Study Find Embryonic Stem Cells Can Repair Heart Muscle. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Reaves, Jessica. The Great Debate Over Stem Cell Research. Time Magazine. Recer, Paul. Study says stem cells have fewer mutations than previously thought. AP Online. In response to economic concerns and a continual…. Cognitive and Psychomotor Disturbance: This is the other long-term psychological effect of surgery on children particularly those who undergo heart transplant surgical operations. Similar to the post-hospital distress, cognitive and psychomotor disturbance is usually as a result of extra medical treatments and longer stays in hospital.

According to research, patients who undergo complex pediatric surgical operations are likely to exhibit signs of cognitive or psychomotor disturbance Todaro et al. The cognitive and psychomotor disturbance is also as a result of the surgical procedures that a child goes through in the inpatient surgical operations. However, the effect of cognitive and psychomotor disturbances are not limited to patient who undergo inpatient surgical operations since those who undergo day case surgery are also likely to experience these effects. Nonetheless, as compared to the inpatient surgical operations, the likelihood of these effects are less in day case surgical operations.

Poor school attendance and…. Cadena, C. The Psychological Impact of Organ Transplants in Children. Campbell, I. R, Scaife, J. Psychological Effects of Day Case Surgery. Compared with Inpatient Surgery. Retrieved from National Center for Biotechnology Information -- U. iii in the United States, Brazil, Germany and France, humans have been receiving their own stem cells to re-grow heart muscle in the unforeseen incident of heart attack or injury. This was found to be successful in majority of the cases. iv in one more incident, the vision of 23 patients was restored after limbal adult stem cell transplants.

This line of therapeutic care has assisted a lot of people who have been suffering from blindness for years together that includes the sufferers of mustard gas attacks in Iraqi. Life Issues Institute, v Crohn's disease patients have in fact been treated with stem cells evolved from their own blood. vii a research of Parkinson's disease displayed an average improvement…. AAAS Center for Science, Technology and Congress.

In theory, such evaluations could be useful, but as is, they are fairly useless. Plus, the validity and necessity of evaluations are up for debate themselves, besides the actual results from the evaluations being up for debate. Thus, the bioethical dilemma in those who abuse their bodies before and after receiving organ transplants lies not necessarily just with the recipients, but also with society, and with the medical field with respect to the issue as well. Taking an Ethical Stand: This is not a simple issue and ethics are very much a part of the stance on takes in this matter. It is, to a degree, unfair for people who abuse their bodies to receive organ transplants.

As aforementioned, there are a number of instances that lead to the necessity of an organ transplant in the first place -- some of which are entirely avoidable and under an individual's control,…. Anderson, PhD, Rebecca Cogwell. pdf , Olbrisch, Mary Ellen, Benedict, Sharon M. Ethical Considerations Behind Organ Transplants The idea of organ transplants has suffered several criticisms over the years from the civil society, to the various religious groups and even philosophers. It is challenging to have one perspective on the idea of transplants and apply it universally since not everyone will share the religious view, or the philosophical view.

In the context of this memorandum, the utilitarian philosophy will be the baseline for the justification. Inline with the utilitarian approach that Joh Mill Stuart proposes, that which is useful is that which is right. In his argument, he insists on the virtue of each individual to act in restraint and this is what is right and useful. His perspective of the utilitarian philosophy is important in allowing free will and individual decision making and self nurtured good behavior. He does not believe in people being forced to do good by the state,…. John Stuart Mill, In the U. For instance, Abuona indicated that the very first criterion is the donor's geographic location as compared to that of the recipient followed by the histocompatibility matching and blood group compatibility.

The third criterion is a point system that each of the waiting-list patients accumulate in regard to the following variables; waiting time, medical urgency, as well as the age of the patient. This allocation technique is highly flawed. This is because in case of kidney as well as other organs that have to be transported to the place where the recipient is located, the long hours of transportation may cause a lot of damage to the organs as a consequence of the ischemic reperfusion injury that occurs as a result of long hours of organ transportation.

At the same time, should the organ arrive to the intended destination but from a marginal donor, then it might…. Abuona, GM Ethical Issues in Organ Transplantation. Med Princ Pract ; -- Arthur L. Caplan, AL. The Ethics of Organ Transplants: The Current Debate. Organ Transplantation Denying Mrs. Burgone the organ transplant could be ethically justified under certain conditions and circumstances. However, denying her organ transplantation surgery under these circumstances is not one of those instances and cannot be ethically justified.

The decision is arbitrary and serves no purpose for any stakeholders in the outcome of the issue. Moreover, the ethical justification purported to be at the heart of the decision is logically flawed and ethically untenable. Consistency with the Notion of Equal Access to Medical Care The notion of equal access to healthcare justifies many types of decisions that may, unfortunately, lead to undesirable outcomes in individual cases Tong, Typical examples of that notion in relation to organ transplantation cases would include decisions to conserve public financial resources by cutting off eligibility as a function of objective criteria, such as the statistical likelihood of surgical success and post-surgical survival.

Likewise, it would…. Beauchamp, T. And Childress, J. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th. Helwege, A. Curative Medicine: A Policy Exercise for the Classroom. Winter, :. Transplant Medicine The Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC contains over functional genes. This is the densest part of the human genome and is responsible for most autoimmune diseases. This region also determines vaccine responsiveness, adverse drug reactions, disease progression and transplant rejection. The MHC genes are multigenic with a high degree of allelic polymorphism. There are over 7, different alleles and over 5, expressed MHC antigens currently known. Genomic evolution and HLA screening have been extremely profitable to Transplant Medicine. A brief analysis of MHC variability reveals two classes of antigens belonging to this complex; class I A, B, and C and II D, DQ, and DP.

Both classes of molecules are expressed in a co-dominant fashion. These molecules are designed to recognize antigens that are foreign to the body and present them to the T cells. Appel J. Role of flow cytometry to define unacceptable HLA antigens in lung transplant recipients with HLA-specific antibodies. Transplantation 81 7 , Badders J. Considerations in interpreting solid phase antibody data. Hum Immunol 71 1 ,S DeFranco, A. Immunity: The immune response in infectious and inflammatory disease. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Janeway, C. Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease.. New York: Garland Science. Organ Donation Why Organ Donating is a Social esponsibility Life is a sentence.

It begins with a capital letter, has something in between, and then a punctuation mark at the end. Organ donation allows part of our physical body to be of use to someone else for short time after we have passed. It is a beautiful gift to be able to make someone else's life a little longer. This gives them more time to love, more time to laugh, and more time to heal spiritually from the pain that this life sometimes brings. Organ donation is the last gesture of love that we can make on earth. This essay will explore the organ donation as a social and humanitarian responsibility. Currently, there are approximately , people who will die soon if they do not receive a donor organ before their time is up if Organdonor.

Every ten minutes a…. Organ and body donation. Organs and Tissues. html Accessed April 19, Religion and Organ and Tissue Donation. The Gift of a Lifetime. Cooper ML, Taylor GJ, eds. Richmond, VA. Organ Donation A new State of Wisconsin Senate bill asks voters to decide upon a program to compensate living organ donors who choose to donate one or more of their organs. February The bill is not a unique one as other states have introduced legislation to provide some measure of financial support to living organ donors. An example is the recent "Pennsylvania gift giving program, awarding money to a living donor or to the family of a deceased donor that can be used for reimbursement of food and lodging expenses incurred during the donation process" ABC News.

June 16, dialysis after 18 months" Rettner, R. August 10, For many however, the mere thought of financial compensation for living organ. This procedure has been proven to be successful in children and young adults and the elderly with comorbidities Grinyó 1. This can prove to be life-saving for patients with terminal organ failures and painful therapies for survival Grinyó 1. Over the last 60 years, the organ transplantation process has been growing with numerous cases, while the introduction of cyclosporine, thirty years before, improved the transplantation procedure Grinyó 2. It was identified that the heart, kidneys, lungs, uterus, lungs, pancreas, intestine, and thymus, can be transplanted successfully Grinyó 2.

The United Network of Organ Sharing UNOS established by the US congress in focuses on the policies and legal frameworks of organ transplantation. At the same time, the Organ Procurement Organizations OPO are the non-profit…. Many of the arguments advanced by those in support of organ sales are actually valid: the choice is substantially indistinguishable from other choices permitted for different reasons; and any addition on donor organs to the very tight "market" of available donor organs would likely mean that one additional organ would become available to other potential recipients. However, the principal argument against the permissibility of selling donor organs is not the denial of those admitted benefits.

ather, it is a function of the inevitable consequences of wealth disparity and the traditional economic principles of supply and demand. Moreover, the fact that organ sales are permissible in other countries provides an opportunity to observe the actual consequences of that permissibility. Precisely because donor organs for transplant are in such critically short supply, they would command a high price that only the wealthy could afford to pay.

Organ Donation (Argumentative Essay Sample),Organ Donation Analysis

WebJan 3,  · Organ transplant involves the replacement of a patient’s (recipient) ailing organ with a well functioning organ from some who has died (donor). The recipients of WebEver since the first ever organ transplant in , people have been able to give and receive the gift of life, an organ, prolonging and saving the lives of thousands of people; WebOrgan Donation. Organ and tissue donation has become a key part of the healthcare sector. The number of patients whose organs are failing continues to increase. WebMay 23,  · An organ transplant “is a surgical operation where a failing or damaged organ in the human body is removed and replaced with a new one” (Center for WebApr 4,  · The idea of organ transplants has suffered several criticisms over the years from the civil society, to the various religious groups and even philosophers. It is WebMay 21,  · The process of transplant occurs after the donor has agreed to donate the organ. This is usually followed by carrying out of tests like matching of tissue type and ... read more

Genome Human Cloning Human Cloning Words: Constitution, human beings are created equal and given the un-separable rights to life, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness. Writing sample of essay on a given topic "Reasons Why Fashion Is Not Important". It is, to a degree, unfair for people who abuse their bodies to receive organ transplants. Call Now! Permanent liver damage, liver….

Beschorner, William E. Renal transplantation. Confirm new password, organ transplant essay. Poor school attendance and…. Magazines publish articles about the causes and history of the health care crisis and politicians use the health care crisis to sell their platform and garner votes. Aghanwa, H.